Fundamentally, what is Spring? We think of it as a Platform for your Java code. It provides comprehensive infrastructural support for developing Java applications. Spring deals with the plumbing so you can focus on solving the domain problem. Spring as a platform allows applications to be built from "plain old Java objects" (POJOs). This is true fo the Java SE programming model as well as within a number of other environments including full and partial Java EE. Spring allows enterprise services to be applied to POJOs in a non-invasive way.
Examples of Spring as a platform:
1. Make a Java method execute in a database transaction; without the implementer dealing with transaction APIs
2. Make a local Java method a remote-procedure; without the implementer dealing with remoting APIs
3. Make a local Java method a management operation; without the implementer dealing with JMX APIs
4. Make a local Java method a message handler; without the implementer dealing with JMS APIs

Spring Modules


The Spring Framework contains a lot of features, which are well-organized in ab out twenty modules. These modules can be grouped together based on their primary features into Core Container, Data Access/Integration, Web, AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming), Instrumentation and Test. These groups are shown in the diagram below.

Core Container
The Core Container consists of the Core, Beans, Context and Expression modules.

The Core and Beans modules provide the most fundamental parts of the framework and provides the IoC and Dependency Injection features. The basic concept here is the BeanFactory, which provides a sophisticated implementation of the factory pattern which removes the need for programmatic singletons and allows you to decouple the configuration and specification of dependencies from your actual program logic.

The Context module build on the solid base provided by the Core and Beans modules: it provides a way to access objects in a framework-style manner in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of a JNDI-registry. The Context module inherits its features from the Beans module and adds support for internationalization (I18N) (using for example resource bundles), event-propagation, resource-loading, and the transparent creation of contexts by, for example, a servlet container. The Context module also contains support for some Java EE features like EJB, JMX and basic remoting support.

The Expression Language module provides a powerful expression language for querying and manipulating an object graph at runtime. It can be seen as an extension of the unified expression language (unified EL) as specified in the JSP 2.1 specification. The language supports setting and getting of property values, property assignment, method invocation, accessing the context of arrays, collections and indexers, logical and arithmetic operators, named variables, and retrieval of objects by name from Spring's IoC container. It also supports list projection and selection, as well as common list aggregators.

Data Access/Integration
The Data Access/Integration layer consists of the JDBC, ORM, OXM, JMS and Transaction modules.

The JDBC module provides a JDBC-abstraction layer that removes the need to do tedious JDBC coding and parsing of database-vendor specific error codes.

The ORM module provides integration layers for popular object-relational mapping APIs, including JPA, JDO, Hibernate, and iBatis. Using the ORM package you can use all those O/R-mappers in combination with all the other features Spring offers, such as the simple declarative transaction management feature mentioned previously.

The OXM module provides an abstraction layer for using a number of Object/XML mapping implementations. Supported technologies include JAXB, Castor, XMLBeans, JiBX and XStream.

The JMS module provides Spring's support for the Java Messaging Service. It contains features for both
producing and consuming messages.

The Transaction module provides a way to do programmatic as well as declarative transaction
management, not only for classes implementing special interfaces, but for all your POJOs (plain old Java
objects).

Web
The Web layer consists of the Web, Web-Servlet and Web-Portlet modules.

Spring's Web module provides basic web-oriented integration features, such as multipart file-upload functionality, the initialization of the IoC container using servlet listeners and a web-oriented application context. It also contains the web related parts of Spring's remoting support.

The Web-Servlet module provides Spring's Model-View-Controller (MVC) implementation for web-applications. Spring's MVC framework is not just any old implementation; it provides a clean separation between domain model code and web forms, and allows you to use all the other features of the Spring Framework.

The Web-Portlet module provides the MVC implementation to be used in a portlet environment and mirrors what is provided in the Web-Servlet module.

AOP and Instrumentation
Spring's AOP module provides an AOP Alliance-compliant aspect-oriented programming implementation allowing you to define, for example, method-interceptors and pointcuts to cleanly decouple code implementing functionality that should logically speaking be separated. Using source-level metadata functionality you can also incorporate all kinds of behavioral information into your code, in a manner similar to that of .NET attributes.

There is also a separate Aspects module that provides integration with AspectJ.

The Instrumentation module provides class instrumentation support and classloader implementations to be used in certain application servers.

Test
The Test module contains the Test Framework that supports testing Spring components using JUnit or TestNG. It provides consistent loading of Spring ApplicationContexts and caching of those contexts. It also contains a number of Mock objects that are usful in many testing scenarios to test your code in
isolation.